Call And Response Of The Black Church - 1326 Words

Call and Response in the Black Church â€Å"Roll, Jordan, Roll†, â€Å"Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Had†, â€Å"Go Down, Moses†, and â€Å"Wade in the Water† are the titles of only a handful of what were called â€Å"Negro Spirituals†, which originated during the reign of slavery in the United States (Frey). Such spirituals used call-and-response, a method of communication that was popular with slaves who brought African traditions to America, and gave way to the gospel music and unique form of preaching characteristic to the Black Church. The history of the Black Church, which began during the slave era, demonstrates the way that African Americans found refuge in Christianity, where the church became the center for African American communities (Baer). Born out of struggle and oppression, the Black Church not only became the focus for the religious practices of African American communities, but also worked to â€Å"re-member† the comm unity through rituals such as that of call-and-response, a core element of the Black Church which served as a powerful tool for the African American community in the fight for the exercise of true freedom in America. Since its formation, the Black Church worked as a center of resistance for the African American community towards a white dominant society (Baer). In the midst of slavery within the United States, African slaves were able to find sanctuary through religion, primarily using call-and-response through spirituals while working the fields in an effort to inspireShow MoreRelatedTH131 Orals Reviewer1444 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Thesis Statement #1 We are all called both personally, as individual believers, and ecclesially, as members of the Church, to share Jesus Christ by word and witness, through active commitment (Radcliffe). *We are called on by Jesus to spread his word through active commitment - God created man to name his Creation. We were created in order to serve the Lord, but at the same time, we are also made in his image - God gave humans names first (Adam, Eve) and then tasked them to help Him name hisRead MoreRacism And Heterosexism Within African American Churches1349 Words   |  6 Pages The struggle that Black churches have on homosexuality has been an ongoing battle. The issue of homophobia and heterosexism within African-American churches is a difficult one. Regardless of the complexity of the matter, it is one that the black community must address. It is, to ensure, time for the black religious leaders to truly live into its justice asserting social, political, historical, and theological beliefs which would lead to eliminating any manifestation of the sin of homophobia fromRead More`` Lifting As We Climb ``1651 Words   |  7 Pageschiasmus, but a call for uplift. The National Training School sought to take the ordinary aspects of life for black women during the turn of the century (1900s), and make them extraordinary. Through respectability politics, black Americans would denounce the n egative stereotypes imputed to them, and strive towards a new image of themselves. But, what about those defiant few, who object to respectability politics? In Randall Kennedy’s, Lifting as We Climb, he quotes Jason Riley, a black conservativeRead MoreEducational Gap For Minorities Of Low Socioeconomic Statuses886 Words   |  4 Pagesduty as the church of Jesus Christ to stand up for those who cannot speak for themselves and have their rights continually violated. The next two paragraphs detail some examples of how this can be done in regards to closing the educational gap for minorities of low socioeconomic statuses. At my home church, Tabernacle Baptist Church of Youngstown, Ohio, education was heavily emphasized. As a child, I was always taught that education was and is the way out for Black people. The church indoctrinatedRead MoreBlack Catholic Worship On The Sacred Liturgy1252 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Catholic worship as we know it today became possible in the mid-1960s when the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy was issued by the Second Vatican Council (1962-65). The constitution opened worship to local languages and encouraged â€Å"inculturation† of the liturgy. The first U.S. Mass in English featured a hymn, â€Å"God Is Love,† by Fr. Clarence Rufus Joseph Rivers, the first African American to be ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, who received a 10-minute ovation. Fr. RiversRead MoreFBOs in Civil Society1697 Words   |  7 Pagesnow. Ruzive Munetsi (44) argue that churches are involved in the political economy of the country by making use of ‘ para church agencies or Organisations’ which are the Faith Based Organisation in which they engage the government in economics, politics and social issues. The reason why the church makes use of these organisations is that they endeavor to live its prophetic call of being custodians of moral and just society. This therefore means that they are watchdogs and whistle blowers of socialRead MoreThe Black King : A Cultural Ideology Or Worldview914 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black King? (Eddie ? what period of time does the film focus on? You should mention that here somewhere ? see next line, put the year after the ?circa? meaning around that time) focuses focuses on the conflicts of African Americans in a small southern community (circa 1932 ) within the context of the oppression exerted over them by the dominant white community. The film covertly introduces Afrocentricity dogma through its storyline of the oppressive living conditions of the blacks, situationsRead MoreEs say on Birmingham 19631346 Words   |  6 PagesIn April and May of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama was a focal point for the civil rights movement. Birmingham was home to one of the most violent cells of the KKK and violence against black people was so commonplace (especially in the form of explosives) that it was referred to as â€Å"Bombingham.† It was these conditions that lead Martin Luther King to arrive and organize a series of non-violent protests in the city. 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I do not even bother to ask why because I already know that Tiffany lives in the apartments across the street and she walks home after school. Yes, she has to walk home through that cesspool of racist clansmen who are protesting the

Trade Issues Between Developed and Developing Nations Free Essays

Trade Problems 1 Trade Issues between Developed and Developing Nations Friday, January 22, 2010 Trade Problems 2 There are trade problems that exist for a less developed nation when trading with a more developed nation. These trade problems can prevent the less developed nations from maximizing possible gains from international trade. Some of these problems are temporary and resolved in time, while others are more stubborn and unable to be resolved. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Issues Between Developed and Developing Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will discuss the type of issues developing nations come across when trading with developed nations. Developing countries participating in trade lack an organized and strong monetary policy. Developing nations have problems forecasting money demand. Central banks have problems keeping records for managing monetary policy because the banks are not independent of the government. Some developing countries adopt policies such as dollarization, which allows for financial stability and lower inflation. Inventory problems in developing nations are another issue. In developing countries, inventory may be agricultural products instead of industrial products. Most of the inventory problems have to do with the food security and livelihood of the people. Developing nations have to stabilize food prices and production. They also have to balance the domestic and imported supply of agricultural products. In Mexico, pollution has increased since NAFTA was signed into law and trade between the U. S. and Mexico began. Despite its governments initial attention to Trade Problems 3 environmental issues associated with economic growth, the government did not follow through on its intentions to take care of the environment. In 1994, â€Å"real spending on environmental protection†¦declined 45%† (Gallagher, 2004). Further, inspections fell by â€Å"45% over the same period† (Gallagher, 2004). Ten years later, in 2004, there is nothing to suggest that pollution has decreased. If Mexico does not act on protecting its environment, further â€Å"environmental degradation† will continue. With Mexico’s comparative advantage of â€Å"an abundance of unskilled labor†, most firms will stay close to their â€Å"production markets† and pay the costs of environmental regulation, which are small, compared to relocating their businesses elsewhere (Gallagher, 2004). Knowing implementing regulations and enforcing them will not jeopardize â€Å"direct foreign investment† is one of the most important reasons why Mexico can and should reduce pollution and other â€Å"environmental degradation† within its borders (Gallagher, 2004). Trade Problems 4 References Bigman, D, (1986, February). The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Research on Inventory Problems in Developing Countries. Retrieved Friday, January 22, 2010 from http://www. jstor. org/pss/2582717 Gallagher, K (2004, September). Free Trade and the Environment: Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond. Retrieved Friday, January 22, 2010 from http://ase. tufts. edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/NAFTAEnviroKGAmerProgSep04. pdf Wikipedia, (2010, January). Monetary Policy, Developing Countries. Retrieved Friday, January 22, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Monetary_policy How to cite Trade Issues Between Developed and Developing Nations, Papers

Company and Securities Law Facts

Question: Students are to research analyse and synthesise current issues facing companies, directors and boards in Australia, in accordance with those concepts and principles taught in the subject? Answer: Facts: Anthony, Ben, Catherine and Daniel are the directors of Chaser Ltd. The Chaser Ltd is a company deals in the wine bottling business. Due to the increased competition for the Chaser Ltd, business became tough, especially in Asia due to downturn in economy and the entry of new countries in the wine market. Directors of Chaser Ltd think to invest in some other business opportunities. Anthony meets Wayne, his old friend who works for a Green Energy Company in Norway, which specializes in Tidal Energy, a new form of energy, becoming popular in Europe and the USA. None of the Energy companies in Australia used this form of Energy. At the invitation of Anthony, Wayne, founder of the company Westpool Pty. Ltd., which makes tidal stream generators, comes to speak to all the Directors of Chaser regarding investment in tidal energy business. Wayne presents the directors of Chaser Ltd the 3D pictures of steam generators that his company makes. After Waynes presentation, all the Directors get impressed and find it to be a profitable business for the company and without much discussion they all agree to invest $20 Million in this venture and give the sole contract to supply Tidal steam generators to Westpool Pty. Ltd. Three months later the new business of Chaser Ltd fails, because of the discovery that the Australian Waters is not suitable for Tidal energy. The Directors of Chaser Ltd also discover later that Wayne was not an expert in tidal energy and also held a small position in company in Norway. Directors of Chaser Ltd also in the end come to know that Anthony was the major shareholder of Westpool Pty. Legal issues involved: Did the directors breach their duties under The Australian Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) and common law. Relevant laws: Common Law duties: The common law/general duties of the Directors fall into the following categories: 1. A director should act bonafide and it should be in the best interests of the company as a whole. 2. A director should exercise his powers only for the purpose, for which those powers have been conferred and not for any improper purposes. 3. A director should exercise care and diligence about the position of the company, means he is required to inquire about everything and just not accept everything, whatever is presented before him. 4. A director has the duty that he should not enter into such a situation, where his powers as a director, get restricted. 5. The director has a duty to avoid being in a position of conflict or interest. A director should not misuse or abuse the companys opportunities, which imply he should not exhaust his powers for his personal benefits. Fiduciary Duties: The Directors also have some fiduciary Duties, which are as follows: Any director should not improperly use his position for the purpose of gaining any undue advantage for either himself or someone else. Must not do any act, which can prove to detrimental to the company. Must not misuse any information, which he got on account of his position as a director, to gain any undue advantage for someone or for himself. A director has the duty to inform other directors of the company, in case of any material personal interest as well as about a conflict, which may take place in the company. A material personal interest implies any matter which is connected with the affairs of the company. Statutory Laws: 1. Section 180 (1) of the Australian Corporation Act (ACA): The test for the amount of degree of care and diligence, required of a director of a company in the discharge of his duties and the exercise of his powers would be the same which can be expected from a reasonable man in the same circumstances, if he would be the director of the company. 2. Section 181 (1) of The Australian Corporation Act 2001 requires that the directors should always act in the best interests of the company. They are deemed to be in a fiduciary relationship with the company and have to use the rule of best judgment while managing the affairs of the company (Lowry, 2012). Section 180 (1) is subject to a Business judgment rule incorporated under section 180(2) of the Corporations Act 2001. 3. Section 180 (2): According to this rule, the following elements should exist with regard to a director: His business judgment was exercised in good faith as well as for the appropriate purpose He had no material/personal interest in the subject matter of his decision. He informed other directors of the company about his judgment decision. He logically and truly believed that the decision taken by him was in the best interests of the company (Langford, 2011). Consequences of breach of duties: If a director of the company makes breach of any of the duties, which have been conferred on him as a director, either under the general laws or the statutory laws, then he is liable for the civil penalties (Gilligan, Bird and Ramsay, n.d.). According to the general rule of Equity, it is essential that the director should not allow his personal interests to conflict with his duties, as a director of the company. As explained above, under Section 191 (1), a director is duty bound to notify other directors of the company, when any of his personal material interest conflict with the interests of the company. It is essential that the director should give a notice to the board of directors, which should declare as well as include: About the nature along with the extent of the directors interest. The connection between the interest and the business of the company. This notice should be given by the director soon after, it comes to his knowledge about the interest, which is in conflict. The corporations Act 2001 (Cth) also provides for criminal offenses. The criminal offenses are contained in section 184 of the Act and are as follows: 1. When a director has either acted carelessly, or has been intentionally dishonest while exercising his duties and powers and has not acted in the best interests of the company. 2. When a director makes misuse of his position with dishonest intention or recklessly for the purpose of gaining an advantage directly or indirectly, for himself or some other person, or for causing detriment to the company. 3. When a director uses the information, which he gains on account of his position as a director, with dishonest intention or carelessly for the purpose of gaining an advantage for himself or some other or which he knows is detrimental to the company (S., 1961). As per Section 260 E, a director cannot be relieved from any of his duties provided in the sections 180, 181, 182, 183 and 184 or the fiduciary duties, with regard to any transaction just on the basis of the ground that such a transaction was authorized either by a provision under this Act or that it had the consent of the members of the company by a resolution (Tomasic, 2001). Application of law: In the given case, Anthony was a director of Chaser Ltd, conspired with his old friend Wayne, about whom Anthony knew beforehand that he was not an expert in tidal energy and also about the fact that Wayne held a small in his company in Norway. 1. As mentioned above under section 180, Anthony neither exercised due diligence nor care in discharging his duties as a director. Nor did he apply the business judgement rule. As a director of the company, it was his duty to take decisions of the company rationally and after proper inquiry about a business, before making any investment in that business, which he did not do. He neither inquired into the business of tidal energy nor about its prospects in Australia before keeping a proposal of investment into that business before the directors of the company. As per the business judgment rule, a director should make a judgment in good faith and without any personal interest in any of the companys transaction. However, in the given case, as specified Anthony was already a major shareholder in the company to whom the sole contract to supply the steam generators was given by Chaser Ltd, so he had a material interest in the investment in that company. Apart from breach of statutory duties, Anthony also made a breach of the general duties under the Corporations Act 2001 because he misguided other directors of the company and exercised his powers in an improper way, which is prohibited under general laws. Moreover, he had this knowledge that the investment into the business of tidal energy may lead to a conflict between both the companies. Also, he knew that his personal interest was in conflict with the interests of the company and in spite of this knowledge, he did not notify or declare the same to the other directors of the company, thus making a breach of general duty again. Anthony also breached the fiduciary duties, which he had towards the Chaser company as a director of the company. Since he did not disclose his personal interest in the Waynes company, Westpool Pty, where he was a major shareholder. Moreover, under section 191, as explained above, Anthony had the duty to notify the other directors through notice in a meeting about the nature and extent of the interest, he possessed in the investment and transaction with the Westpool Pty company. Instead of giving notice, Anthony acted with dishonest intention and tried to convince the other directors of the company that investment in the business of the tidal energy would be beneficial to the company. The section 191 (1) clearly provides that where a director has a personal material interest in a transaction he has a duty to declare that at a meeting of directors. A notice must be given by the director to the board of directors. Anthony never disclosed about his interest in the Westpool Pty company which was a sole contractor supplying the steam generators for the new venture of tidal energy by the Chaser Ltd. Further, section 195 (1) of the Corporations Act 2001 provides that the director having a personal interest in a transaction is not allowed to vote or participate in the process of passing a resolution on any transaction of the company. Whereas, Anthony in spite of having and knowing about his personal interest in the transaction with the Westpool Pty not only actively participated in, the board meeting related to that transaction, but also induced the other board members for passing the resolution in favor of that. Anthony would also be liable for criminal offenses incorporated under section 184 of the Corporation Act. First, Anthony acted with dishonest intent while convincing the other directors of the company for making an investment in the Westpool company. Moreover, he did not reveal the fact to the directors of the Chaser company that he was a major shareholder in the Westpool Pty. Reference can be made to case laws: ASIC v Rich (2002) 41 ACSR 72, It was held that this cannot be considered as an appropriate explanation given by the director that if a crucial duty of financial transaction was delegated to a person and the director completely relied on that person. The court held that the director acted in an improper manner and recklessly (Bostock, 2012). Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134, that irrespective of the fact as to what was the intention of a person, if it is found that a person gained some undue profit on account of his position as a director of the company is liable to pay for that profit. Permanent Building Society (in liq) v McGee (1993) 11 ACSR 260; 11 ACLC 761, a strict view was taken by the court that if a director is a director of two companies and , intentionally does not reveal the lack of resources of one company in paying the loan to another company and encourage the other company for giving loan to the first company, he makes a breach of fiduciary duty and is liable for such breach. Conclusion: On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that Anthony has breached his duties as a director of the Chaser Ltd. for personal benefit and caused huge loss to the Chaser Ltd. and would be liable for both civil and criminal penalties. References: Bostock, T., 2012. The Corporations Act 2001.ac, 2002(39). Gilligan, G., Bird, H. and Ramsay, I., n.d. Regulating Directors' Duties: How Effective are the Civil Penalty Sanctions in the Australian Corporations Law?.SSRN Journal. Langford, R., 2011. The Duty of Directors to Act Bona Fide in the Interests of the Company: A Positive Fiduciary Duty? Australia and the UK Compared.J Corp Law Studies, 11(1), pp.215-242. Lowry, J., 2012. The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors: Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey.The Modern Law Review, 75(2), pp.249-260. S., N., 1961. Delegation of Duties by Corporate Directors.Virginia Law Review, 47(2), p.278. Tomasic, R., 2001. Governance and the evaluation of corporate law and regulation in australia.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 1(3), pp.24-32.

Wuthering Heights By Bronte; (588 words) Essay Example For Students

Wuthering Heights By Bronte; (588 words) Essay Wuthering Heights By BronteI would like to analyze the conflicts that Heathcliff faced throughout the novelWuthering Heights. Heithcliffs character was very complex. He lived atroubled childhood that is never completely revealed to the reader. All we knowis that he was abandoned at a young age and when Mr. Earnshaw discovered him, hewas sickly looking. Heathclfidd was then brought to live in this brand newsociety at Wuthering Heights. Hindly, Mr. Earnshaws son, was jealous ofHeathcliff from the start because he felt that his father loved Heathcliff morethan himself. Hindlys hatred for Heathcliff was worsened once he realizedthat he and Cathy had fallen in love. To protect his sister, he slowly turnedHeathcliff into a vagabond. This ultimatly forced her to seek love elsewhere. We will write a custom essay on Wuthering Heights By Bronte; (588 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Heathcliff overheard that Cathy was to be married to another man, Edgar, heran away from Wuthering Heights. After fleeing Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff wasforced to start a new life and obviously succeeded at this because during thistime he became very wealthy. Upon returning he confessed to Cathy that he neverstopped loving her. When Cathy didnt reciprocate his feelings, Heathcliffbecame enraged and to spite Cathy, he married her sister in law, Isabelle. Atthis point Cathy and her husband Edgar were expecting a baby. Heathcliffsmarriage sent her into a deep depression. She fell very ill and soon aftergiving birth to her daughter, Cathrine , she died. Berfore she died though, sheconfessed to Heathcliff her true love for him. After Cathys death, Heathcliffnow became a scornful person, full of hatred. He wanted in the worst way to getrevenge on Edgar Linton for stealing Cathy from him. He spent years and yearsthinking up a valid plan that would drive Edgar to his deathbed. His pla n usesCathrines cousin, Linton, to lure her to Wuthering Heights against herfathers will. When she arrives, Heathcliffs new revengeful side is nowrevealed. He locks Cathrine up in the house and forces her to marry Linton. Whenshe is finally free to visit her father, Heathcliffs wish is now granted. Herfather, Edgar, lies on a deathbed, and dies shortly after Cathrines return. Now Edgars fortune belongs to Linton who as according to Heathcliffs plandies soon after their marriage. Edgars fortune is now passed on from Lintonto Heathcliff. Heathcliffs life persists accordingly for a while until Mr. Lockwood, a new tenant at Wuthering Heights, ariives. He stays in Cathys oldroom against Heathcliffs orders and during the night gets a visit from herghost which he immidiatly reports to Heathcliff. This encounter makes Heathcliffrealize that Cathy is waiting for him in heavon. Now that he had seen Edgar dieand had stolen his fortune from him, he was ready to join Cathy. From this pointon he welcomes death and yearns for his and Cathys reunion. Heathcliffsdeath comes abruptly and the only person to mourn his death is Hareton, hisnephew. Heathcliff lived most of his life as a victim, but I think that all ofhis hardships turned him into a stronger person. Unfortunatly, he not onlybecame hard, but lost all the tenderness in his heart. Over time, he enjoyedseeing people endure pain as he himself was forced to do so many times in hispast. The ultimate thing that brought Heathcliff to peace was to die and enterheavon where his beloved Cathy was. Now that they are both in heavon it seems as if Heathcliffs wishes have come true because at the end of the novel, someonecomments on seeing Heathcliffs ghost with a woman. That woman is presumablyCathy. Their love was obviously an undying love because even in death they founda way to be together. .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .postImageUrl , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:hover , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:visited , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:active { border:0!important; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucfe733637a5bd89952897 0c68f1226ba:active , .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/s imple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucfe733637a5bd899528970c68f1226ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb 8 Essay

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buy custom buy custom Variance Analysis essay paper Variance Analysis Variable hospital departments are important for hospitals in a variety of ways. When addressing issues of budgets, variance reports come in as essential tools that help hospitals in the management of their budgets and funds. A budget acts as a strategic financial planning tool for an organization that helps it to organize and balance their finances and funds. A budget variance comes in when a difference arises between the plan and the outcome, for example when a hospital variance unit receives its monthly budget outcome, which states that the wages were higher and the funds were lower than planned in accordance with the budget. When thinking about a budget variance, a manager must differentiate between aspects that affect the budget, and can be controlled versus those that cannot be controlled. A budget variance can occur because of several reasons, one of which could be the fact that the budget was poorly and inadequately planned. It is an example of the factor that can be controlle d. A variance report is a good way for managers to measure the company performance by putting sets of figures against others; for instance, a planned amount versus an actual amount, and seeing the difference between them. Several factors are considered when writing a budget variance. A well-organized variance report addresses such factors as trends, overspending, and under spending. The world changes as time goes by, and health care organizations also change with respect to the factors in the environment, and expectations of the patients and people, who work in those organizations. One of the most important aspects of trends to be captured in a variance report is the changing economic times that may force an organization to overspend or under spend. Thus, a variance report must put into consideration the trends in spending. If there is a trend towards overspending or under spending, then the budget must be revised. Trends are best depicted in graphic terms, and they help to reveal to an analyst whether there is a minor or a major budget lapse (Finkler McHugh, 2008). Another factor that must be put into consideration when writing a variance report is an aspect of overspending. Overspending can cause serious problems to the project that is ongoing, or the one that is under planning, as well as to other projects, just in case the organization runs out of resources. Thus, the vice president must know whether there is an aspect of overspending, and by what margin. A variance report is important for this purpose because it should communicate such information, so that the appropriate action can be taken. Another facet that a variance report must consider, is under spending. Under spending indicates problems in issues of quality control, if the budget was planned correctly. If the budget was not planned well, then the variance report will indicate an issue of over allocation. Thus, a variance report must consider this aspect to show whether the budget was done as required, and that everything was planned adequately. The mentioned factors are very import ant when writing a variance report, and if left out, it may cause a serious problem in terms of managing the organizations funds (Berger, 2008). The abovementioned three factors cover changes in input prices, changes in input productivity, and changes in departmental volume. Trends can influence the increase or decrease in input prices, input productivity, and departmental volume that could in turn influence spending towards overspending, or towards under spending. There is an important relationship between variance reporting, interpreting variance report results, and actual results of performance. Variance reporting is done when the results are available. Every month, a variance report must be provided to the vice president, meaning that there are results that are realized every month. If a variance is reported and not interpreted, then it has no importance to the organization, and will not communicate anything to the enterprise. For example, as a manager of the variable hospital unit, I received the monthly budget results for the department, and they show that the funds were lower than budgeted, while the wages were higher. The information will be meaningless if it is not interpreted; thus, I have to compare the budget results with the budget plan, and interpret the meaning of the difference to make sense of what went wrong. When reporting to the vice president, interpretation is important because a variance report has a purpose of revealing the issues that caused the differences between the budget plan and actual results. Hence, a variance report must communicate the budget plan and the monthly budget results. It means that variance reporting has a core function of communicating actual results performance that has been realized in that month (Allen, 2011). The function of variance reporting is not just reporting the variations that occurred between the budget and budget results. Interpreting does not just serve the purpose of defining the figures contained in a variance report. Variance reporting and interpretation of the variance report results have a relationship in the sense that interpretation of variance report results cannot happen without variance reporting, and actual results of performance cannot be found without variance reporting and interpretation of the variance report results. Each of these helps the other to occur. Variance reporting leads to interpretation, which in turn leads to finding the actual performance results. Likewise, actual performance results depend on the undertaking of interpretation of the variance report results, and this depends on the availability of variance reporting. The given relationship helps in variance analysis, and aids to formulate a variance analysis model, which separates cost variations a nd factors that suggest cause, and lead to corrective actions (Berger, 2008). References Allen, J. E. (2011). Nursing Home Administration. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Berger, S. (2008). Fundamentals of Health Care Financial Management: A Practical Guide to Fiscal Issues and Activities. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Finkler, S. A., McHugh, M. L. (2008). Budgeting Concepts for Nurse Managers. New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Use of the Apostrophe in Possessive Constructions

Use of the Apostrophe in Possessive Constructions Use of the Apostrophe in Possessive Constructions Use of the Apostrophe in Possessive Constructions By Mark Nichol This post outlines the prevailing rules and recommendations for employing apostrophes when using the possessive form of a noun and discusses in which cases an s should follow the apostrophe. Apostrophes are used to indicate singular possession, as in â€Å"The dog’s collar is too tight,† and plural possession, as in â€Å"Several of our neighbors’ cars were vandalized.† When referring to two or more people collectively, use an apostrophe only after the last noun or name: â€Å"John and Jane’s daughter is going off to college.† When referring to two or more people separately, employ apostrophes for each noun or name: â€Å"My doctor’s and dentist’s names are the same.† Some style handbooks recommend using only an apostrophe after singular nouns and proper names ending in s, as in â€Å"The witness’ last statement is puzzling† and â€Å"He is among the most eccentric of Dickens’ characters,† but this style is prevalent primarily in journalistic writing, and most style guides call for an additional s: â€Å"The witness’s last statement is puzzling† and â€Å"He is among the most eccentric of Dickens’s characters.† However, plural possessive forms of surnames should be treated as in â€Å"The Smiths’ house is the third one on the right.† (Plural possessive forms of names ending in s are treated as in â€Å"We had dinner at the Thomases’ house.†) An exception used to be made for words and names ending in an unpronounced s as well as biblical or classical names ending in s, but now it is recommended that these be supplied with an additional s; examples include the names in â€Å"Descartes’s treatise† and â€Å"Jesus’s followers.† However, when the singular and plural forms of a noun are the same, omit the final s, as in â€Å"The species’ distinguishing characteristics are listed below.† When the name of an entity such as a city ends in s but is singular, likewise, use an apostrophe only: â€Å"Construction of El Dorado Hills’ new community center is underway.† If such conflicting usage seems awkward, avoid the possessive form; instead, write â€Å"The distinguishing characteristics of the species are listed below† and â€Å"Construction of the new community center in El Dorado Hills is underway.† When using an idiom beginning with for and ending in sake, such as â€Å"for goodness’ sake,† omit the final s. Apostrophes are also used in the genitive case, in expressions such as â€Å"two weeks’ notice,† and in possessive forms that resemble the attributive use of a noun (that is, a noun modifying another noun), such as â€Å"farmers’ market,† meaning â€Å"a market belonging to farmers.† Some people choose to style such phrases attributively (â€Å"farmers market,† meaning â€Å"a market of farmers†), but such use is best reserved only for proper names (for example, â€Å"the Department of Veterans Affairs†). When a gerund follows a noun, the noun should be treated possessively, as in â€Å"Doctors’ prescribing such medication is problematic,† meaning â€Å"The habit among doctors of prescribing such medication is problematic,† but perhaps it is better to simply use the alternative wording. The possessive form of a noun that follows a preposition, however, is optional; one may write either â€Å"They knew about their supervisor’s spying on them† or â€Å"They knew about their supervisor spying on them,† but this, too, is perhaps better revised to â€Å"They knew that their supervisor was spying on them.† Italicized publication and book titles should be followed by an nonitalicized apostrophe and s, as in â€Å"People’s cover story† and â€Å"War and Peace’s formidable length,† though periodical titles ending in s should be followed by an apostrophe only, as in â€Å"the Los Angeles Times’ subscription data.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightAwoken or Awakened?Narrative, Plot, and Story

Barriers that must be overcome for Diversity to flourish in an Essay

Barriers that must be overcome for Diversity to flourish in an organization - Essay Example ?the mosaic of people who bring a variety of backgrounds, styles, perspectives, values, and beliefs as assets to the groups and organizations with which they interact.† For the Pillsbury Company, diversity is defined as â€Å"all the way in which we differ.† Kraft Foods Inc. spells out its commitment to diversity in metaphors with which people can identify: â€Å"A stellar meal requires contrasting and complementing textures and tastes. A winning sports team depends of the different talents of its members. A first class orchestra needs many variety of thought, energy, and insight to attain and maintain a competitive edge.† (pp. 25) Diversity, Simmons (2003), refers to variety of difference related to factors such as age, culture, disability, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, socio-economic level or thinking style. In business context diversity includes business background or function. Diversity is a process that corrects inequities and brings fairness and inclusion on all fronts and as broadly defined, carries an inherent benefit for every employee. As Simmons argued, only in this context it is realistic to expect a positive view and an active contribution from every employee. Organization alignment, Simmons continued, is the goal of every culture change process, including diversity. You wont achieve that alignment unless every person can benefit from it. In his book, Johnson (2003, 399-400) explained that in every relationship you decide how to manage the differences between the two of you. Diversity among your acquaintances, classmate, coworkers, neighbors, and friends is increasingly inevitable. Such diversity is an opportunity that can have positive or negative consequences, depending on your engaging in an eight-step program: The first step is to recognize that diversity exists and is a valuable resource. The second step is to build cooperative relationship with diverse individuals. Cooperation promotes a process of acceptance while competitive

Spencer Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spencer Johnson - Essay Example In this light, the need to find ways to deal with challenges presented by the flurry of change in our life becomes of the most urgent and demanding. In this regard, the book "Who Moved My Cheese" by Spencer Johnson that I had recently read is addressed exactly to those who seek ways to effectively manage changes in their lives. One of the main points of the author is that change as such can not only bring anxiety, but good opportunities as well. How we perceive changes depends on our attitudes towards life and valuable things in it, which the author calls 'cheese'. Thus, the principal message of Johnsons book is that if we begin to understand the true value of 'cheese' in our life, and develop a realistic and positive attitude to changes that seem to move our cheese away from us, we can become much more successful and effective in managing our well-being. It is not accidental that the book "Who Moved My Cheese" depicts a maze in which four characters live, because the maze represents our path towards happiness in life, and the four characters with their different attitudes represent different parts of human nature. Trying to sho w readers the inherent simplicity of insights offered in the book, the author manages to convince that everyone can courageously confront change in different spheres of our life, like career, family, health, spiritual growth, etc. Now, it is no wonder that, in light of what we had initially observed, the book "Who Moved My Cheese" has become so much popular throughout the world as it addresses one of the most universal problems of modernity. And while some could blame this work on being somewhat simplistic, I am sure that most people would find it nevertheless very helpful and encouraging. Personally, upon reading this book and taking some time to contemplate on its messages I began to become aware of how fear and psychological effects of change influence my life. I found especially inspiring the proposal from "Who Moved My Cheese" to imagine what I would do if I were not afraid, and I must confess that now I realize that there are a lot of things which I would like to change in my life, but which I have been afraid to abandon because of the uncertainty about what a change can bring. At the same time, the mentioned book made me think that some larger problems could also be fixed by application of the offered principles. For instance, many religion-based conflicts could disappear if those who perceive their religions as endangered in the modern world were to realize that changes are not inherently bad, but, being inevitable, changes offer benefits as well. This ability of principles and approaches advanced by the author to be applicable for both personal and global realms of our life testifies to their validity. In this regard, I can define three general conclusions that I made after reading this book and that have influenced my values and my understanding of peculiarities and demands of our modern life. Firstly, it is important to point out that one of the main traits of modernity is the complexity and interdependency of phenomena that surround us, be they social, economic, cultural or physical in nature. On the other hand, one of the main traits of human nature is the propensity for investigating the world we live in. Thus, as for example science has a developed methodology for studying its subjects, a person who aims to

Abstract Emerging Technologies Essay Example for Free

Abstract Emerging Technologies Essay Emerging Technologies and the use of Wireless technology in them is a growing demand and a reason for concerned for any IT department.Who ever pioneers this concept must be ready to evolve making fast and quick decisions both at lower and upper management.Allocating resources for equipment that will help meet the demand and also strategizing how the company will go forward.One thing that I have seen especially with the company that I work for which is a leading telecommunications company in the world is that there are still rules and procedures that were implemented during the end of the 2G era to the start of the 3G era. These were very successful during that time but currently they are absolute and they need to be replaced based on the current technology and current situations on the ground now. The importance of such procedures being investigated will help to focus the organisation on success and how to meet them.Since this is a competitive market how you move the company to respond to the growing market will help us maintain our market share and also grow our market share.Wireless technology is now a part of many households and am not referring to their cell phones.From Blue Ray players, TVs tablets ,cameras,refrigerators, rice cookers and the new cars are just a typical example of one household and all what they have and more that depends on wireless technology.How do we support all these devices making sure they have throughput and very little latency The objective is to bring the support and implementation part of these technology by asking the correct questions.How can we effectively deploy these technologies and the same time support them and provide the best customer service for our customers.We have to take a lot things into consideration when talking about the implementations. At what rates is the deployment going to take how much data will be allocated to customers based on need. Another important part also is are we going to be supporting some of these device like OnStar on Ford or we just provides the wireless and the end user does the support eg a PC.These are very important as there are contracts that have to be drawn to clearly specify where and when our responsibility starts and ends.

The Aesthetic Pedagogy of Francis of Assisi Essay -- Francis Assisi Es

The Aesthetic Pedagogy of Francis of Assisi ABSTRACT: Despite his anti-intellectualism, Francis of Assisi was an effective teacher who intentionally illustrated the life of virtue in his own way of living. He was a teacher in the sense that the Hebrew prophets, Socrates or Gandhi were teachers. He was a performance artist for whom drama functioned pedagogically. His life was not always meant to be an example to his followers; sometimes it was a dramatic lesson, meant to be watched, not imitated. All drama is inherently a distortion of reality because it focuses the attention on one aspect of reality. Francis’ dramatized life distorts the importance of poverty, but this is a distortion from which we may be able to learn if we are able to imaginatively identify with Francis. For Francis, asceticism was a form of obedience, and obedience a mode of knowledge. Such ‘personalized,’ lived teaching is the only way in which virtue (as opposed to ethics) may be effectively taught. Francis followed the same model of p aideia as Gandhi, bringing together the physical discipline of radical asceticism with the aesthetic experience of a dramatic life in which he played the roles of troubadour and fool. Unlike most of the other Western European figures of the 12th-century who are frequent subjects of academic study, Francis of Assisi was not a scholar. He had the education appropriate to the middle-class son of a prosperous merchant, but he never taught in a university, never wrote a Summa or a Commentary on the Sentences, never spent time in libraries. For much of his lifetime, the Order of Friars Minor didn’t even own a Bible, let alone any other books. Brother Leo, one of Francis’ closest companions, wrote of him that he "did not want ... ...hton, 1923), p. 106. (6) Bonaventure, Major Life, VI. 2. (7) Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City: Doubleday, 1959), pp. 17-18. (8) cited in Goffman, op. cit., pp. 19, 20. (9) Dorothy Heathcote, Collected Writings on Education and Drama (London: Hutchinson, 1984), p. 114. (10) cited in Howard Williams, Concepts of Ideology (New York; St. Martin's Press, 1988), p. 111. (11) Walter Brueggemann, The Creative Word: Canon as a Model for Biblical Education, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986), p. 91. (12) Brueggemann, op. cit., p. 104. (13) Leroy S. Rouner, "Can Virtue Be Taught in a School?," Can Virtue Be Taught?, vol. 14, Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion, ed. Barbara Darling-Smith, p. 142. (14) Rouner, op. cit., p.147. (15) Rouner, op. cit., p. 148. (16) Chesterton, op. cit., p. 86.

A History of the World in 6 Glasses Study Questions Essay

1. The author’s main thesis in setting up this book is that many drinks have built and brought together human history in to what we know about it. 2. The fluids that are mentioned in the book are vital because each one played a role in many areas of history and they are a crucial part of creating a certain period of history. â€Å"Beer in Mesopotamia and Egypt† 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the growth of the first civilizations because in both cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, beer was the main drink. It was consumed by everyone and was known as the defining drink of both of the first great civilizations. 2. The history of beer tells us that those people were intelligent enough to understand that they needed another beverage to consume rather than water. They most likely knew that some of the water that was available to them wasn’t all that safe and good enough to drink. 3. The author uses history records, writings and pictures as sources used to gather information about the use of beer. 4. Beer was used as a form of payment or trade for some of the workers who built the pyramids; they were paid in loaves of bread along with beer. It was also used in religious forms such as prayers. 5. According to Standage beer â€Å"civilized† man because it was an important beverage that helped them become modern. Beer is linked to farming since cereal grains are required to make beer which started a certain lifestyle. â€Å"Wine in Greece and Rome† 1. The use of wine is different than that of beer because the ancient civilizations drank beer as just a social drink while the Greek culture drank wine in a religious manner. 2. Wine was used as a way to show their social status by the Greeks. 3. Wine developed into a form of a status symbol when they found out supposedly how wine was made, through the gods. After that they suggested only people worthy of the gods should be able to drink wine. 4. Wine was consumed in an elegant manner through a bowl made out of gold, this tells us that the ancient Greek culture was into the lifestyle of their people and liked to show their wealth. 5. In Rome wine was seen as a necessity by the people and they felt like they needed to drink it while in Greece it was just seen as a leisure drink. 6. Wine is a part of a Catholic ritual where wine symbolizes the blood of Jesus Christ and Christianity began in the Roman Empire and became an important force in Europe after the change between Emperor Constantine. Wine was also uses for medical purposes as a pain killer. â€Å"Spirits in the Colonial Period† 1. The origin of distilled spirits came from the Arabs. 2. The connection between spirits and colonization is that, spirits became an economic good of great importance that with their taxation and control became matters of high political importance and helped determine the course of history. 3. The production of spirits is connected to slavery because the African slavers who supplied the Europeans with slaves, most valued spirits as a trade offer. The African slavers accepted a wide range of products in exchange but it was known that the spirits played as a main role in the trade for slaves. 4. Spirits were used as rewards to the slaves on the ship for being more helpful and cleaning. It was also used as a type of medicine used for diseases throughout the seas. 5. Spirits was an important fundamental in Colonial America because it was used for almost everything. To rural people it was used as currency and to others it was used to survive. The drink was known to be the best of its kind, which is why most people preferred it during trades. 6. Once the Molasses Act was passed in 1733, Rum began to play a role in the American Revolution. Since the Molasses Act wasn’t strongly enforced in the beginning, causing the colonist to smuggle it, British Government decided to strengthen the Act. Americans were not in favor of the new law and rebelled with the cry of â€Å"no taxation without representation.† â€Å"Coffee in the Age of Reason† 1. Coffee originated in the Arab world. Although there are many legends to how it was discovered, no one is so certain to how much of it is true. The popularity of coffee-drinking was first seen in Yemen during the mid-fifteenth century. 2. Coffeehouses became an important part of the history of the drink. Even though now in the modern world coffeehouses are seen everywhere you go, back in the days coffeehouses went through a lot of judgment. They became prohibited by Muhammad and went through legal matters in Mecca. Coffee didn’t stop there and began to move west conquering Europe. 3. Coffee influenced a new age of scientific learning and rational thought because it was a sober drink. People that drank wine, beer or spirits were less likely to do anything while sober people were able to think clearly and the coffeehouses provided education and self improvement within society. 4. Coffee was used to start the day off alert and awake so they can get work done while the previous drinks such as wine and beer were consumed to be relaxed and intoxicate the person. 5. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment was a sharp break from the past because during that period of time people would drink coffee instead of an alcoholic beverage. It was a sober drink so it would let people be able to think more clearly rather than be intoxicated. It was a big change from the way people were living before it. â€Å"Tea and the British Empire† 1. Tea first became a mainstream drink in Asia by the fourth century CE and during the late eighteenth century in Europe. 2. In Europe only people that were able to afford tea drank it because it was known as an expensive beverage to have while in China and Japan everyone and anyone drank tea and used it for medical purposes. 3. Tea didn’t have as much success as coffee did because people weren’t aware of the uses of tea during the time and it wasn’t a regular part of their diet since they weren’t so familiar with the taste. 4. 5. Tea is an integral part of the Industrial Revolution because it was one of the main items being traded. 6. The connection between tea and politics is that Americans began to rebel against the British because they were taxing the tea without them knowing so that’s when the Boston Tea Party came into effect and the form of rebelling became a symbol of their freedom. 7. Tea was connected to the opium trade because it was an imbalance trade between China and British which caused the Opium war. 8. â€Å"Coca-Cola and the Rise of America† 1. The very beginning of Coca-Cola’s origin begins with a brewery in Leeds by a scientist, Joseph Priestly in 1767. Joseph Priestly was amused by the gas known as â€Å"fixed air† which was proven to be carbon dioxide and discovered the soda water. Then in 1886 it was said that a pharmacist named John Pemberton created the drink by accident while trying to make a cure for headaches. 2. Coca-Cola was used medically to cure all nervous affections such as headaches, Neuralgia and Hysteria. The Coca plant and the Kola nut were both alike in effects and was said to act as caffeine and suppress the appetite. 3. Coca-Cola had a relationship with World War II because the war made the drink be known globally. During the War the company would send out Coca-Cola to the soldiers to refresh them with a non intoxicating beverage. 4. Communist viewed Coca-Cola as a symbol that stood everything for America; freedom, democracy, and free-market capitalism. They had the idea that the drink stands for everything that was seen wrong with capitalism. 5. â€Å"Globalization in a Bottle† is summed up to be Coca-Cola representing a trend towards a single global market place because of how much it is known around the world. Epilogue- â€Å"Back to the Source† 1. I do agree with Standage’s argument because water whether its in a bottle or just regular tap water is the same thing. People will still need it to be able to survive. 2. I think water will be the most influential beverage in shaping the global situation for the years to come because almost every beverage created contains some type of water in it. Water, while it can become contaminated, is still the healthiest drink.

Comparative Schools

This school is characterized by the formation of strategy as an open process of influence, which puts the emphasis on the use of power and politics in the negotiation. The formation of strategy depends on the power and policy, internal and external. As a result, they tend to be emerging. There are two elements of this SOT: â€Å"Micro† and â€Å"Macro†. The micro elements deal with internal political games and the macro elements relate to those who play the organization.The â€Å"micro† is power in action; it sees strategy as a game within the organization. The â€Å"macro† reflects the interdependence between the Organization and its environment. It discusses the ways in which the organization promotes their own well-being, through control or cooperation. Learning: â€Å"Of all the descriptive schools, the learning school grew Into a veritable wave and challenged the always dominant prescriptive schools† (Mintzberg et al, 1998). According to this s chool, strategies emerge as people come to learn about a situation as well as their organization's capability of dealing with It.This SOT began with the publication of â€Å"The Science of Muddling Through† (Llndblom, 1959). Llndblom uggested that the design of public policies was not a neat controlled process but a messy one, whereby officials try to manage a world they know Is too complex for them. However, James B. Quinn, with â€Å"Strategies for Change: Logical Incrementallsm† gave the actual kick-off to this SOT. According to Llndblom only 10% of the conceived strategies are Implemented. The problem Is the split between formulation and Implementation.For a strategy to be effective there has to be a sum of small actions and Individual decisions. In other words, Individuals contribute to the strategic process from all positions In the organization. In dlsJolnted Incrementallsm by Lindblom, decisions are made to solve problems rather than to exploit opportunities, w ithout the slightest attention to the final objectives or the connection with the rest of the decisions. There Is no central authority that coordinates the mutual adjustments. Whereas logical Incrementallsm by Quinn suggests that organizations see the strategy as an Integrated approach. The real strategy evolves as the Internal decision-making and external facts converge to create a new consensus to act, widely shared by the members of the management team† (Quinn, 1980). He defined It as a ontinuous and dynamic process. Strategic Tools: There are two main strategic tools, which fall under from Power SOT. One of these is Force Field Analysis proposed by Lewin (1947). According to this tool there are two forces that drive change in a business, the Driving Forces and the Restraining Forces.The Driving Forces push and promote change e. g. executive mandate, customer demand and increased efficiency whereas the Restraining forces try to prevent change from happening which can be in the form of fear, lack of training and incentives. The main criticism of this theory is that the method does not have nough sophistication or complexity to measure the dynamic forces that affect a business (Cronshaw, 2008). The second strategic tool is proposed by Kleiner (1996), called the Core Group Theory.The Core Group Theory looks at leader-member dynamic within a firm. In his theory, Kleiner argues that the customers along with employee's satisfaction are considered to be secondary to the ‘core group' (top executives) and how some core groups can be ‘parasitic' to a firm based of the willingness of organizational members to comply. The main weakness observed is similar to that of the Force Field Analysis, that is this heory has not quite ‘developed thematically, the theory does not base itself on measurement (Bokeno, 2003).

Voter Apathy essays

Voter Apathy essays Democracy can be defined as a goverment that is given power to make and enforce laws by the consent of the people governed. Although, there are many ways in which those that are governed elect those who govern. This country has a reprensentive democracy where citizens vote for officals to represent them at the local, state, and federal levels. In contrast, early Greek domecracies allowed all eligble citizens to vote on issues when they gathered in assemblies, but this could only be achieved with smaller populations. Evidence of this type of democracy is still evident in the US at the local levels, but is impossible at the federal levels. In order for a democracy to remain democratic, high levels of voter preticipation are necessary because without voter perticipation the government is illegitamate. Since the 1960's, when 64 percent of eligble voters participtated, voter participation has declined (in 1980 53.9% voted.) (Newsweek, 10/10/83, ) There are many reasons as to why voter are less likely to vote. Some can be cultural reasons such as behavior and beliefs instilled in children by there perents and plain mistrust for government especially among minorities. Another reason can be called structural. In America's past there have been many obstacles placed in front of minorities and women in order to keep them from voting. Also some think just registering to vote is problem (although legislation has passed to make registering ealier voter turnout is still down.) The main problem in my opinion is political For political and monetary reasons the two estiblished political parties ingore a large portion of the population. The Republicians seem to adhere to the upper middle class and the very wealthy while the Democrats seem to adhere to the middle class. (NYT, 10/7/96, A19) This leaves out a significant part of the US population who are eligible to vote. And it is no coquence that these two groups of eligible voter are the ones tha ...

Learn Why Chewing on Foil Hurts Your Teeth

Learn Why Chewing on Foil Hurts Your Teeth There are two types of people. One group can bite aluminum  or tin foil with impunity, suffering nothing worse than a faint metallic taste. The other group gets a painful electric zing from chewing on foil. Why does chewing on foil hurt some people and not others? Biting Foil Hurts if You Have Dental Work Got braces, amalgam fillings, or a crown? Chewing on foil will hurt. If your mouth is blissfully free of dental work, you wont feel pain when you chew foil, unless a sharp corner stabs you. Thats not the same pain at all, so if you arent affected by foil, count yourself lucky! Foil Turns Your Teeth into a Battery If you dont react to foil, but want to know what youre missing,  you can get an identical experience licking both terminals of a battery. Its the same because chewing foil produces a galvanic shock. Heres what happens: There is a difference in the electric potential between the metal foil (usually aluminum) and the metal in your dental work (usually mercury, gold, or silver). It only happens when there are two different types of metals.The salt and saliva in your mouth allow current to flow from one metal to the other. Essentially, the fluids in your mouth are an electrolyte.Electricity travels between the metal foil and the metal in dental work.The electric shock passes down your tooth to your nervous system.Your brain interprets the impulse as a painful jolt. This is an example of the voltaic effect, named for its discoverer,  Alessandro Volta. When two dissimilar metals come into contact with each other, electrons pass between them, generating an electric current. The effect can be used to make a voltaic pile. All you need to do to make this simple battery is to stack pieces of metal on top of each other.

Theory and Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory and Analysis - Coursework Example The amount to be recorded would be either the present value or the fair market value of the asset. In this case the amount to be recorded is the present value which is calculated by discounting annuity due payments by discount rate of 8%. Amount totaled to be $86,243 in comparison to $96,000 i.e. the fair market value. b) The costs associated with the lease are taxes, insurance, maintenance and depreciation. These costs are obligatory to pay as it is considered incidental to ownership. These costs would be determined during the operations conducted by or on the property. Depreciation can be charged through straight line method. c) Lani would record lease transaction on December 31st,2006 on the balance sheet as: {Principal-[Payment-(Principal*interest percentage)]} This will give you the amount to be balanced as â€Å"Lease† in the liability section as well as provide you with the proportion of interest payment from the Annual annuity paid. CASE 13-5: Lease in order should mee t the following criteria for Doherty Company to classify it as a capital lease: Firstly, the lease should transfer ownership of the good to the lessee at the end of the lease term. Also, it should be noncancelable plus renewal options and periods should be attached.

Case study biomedical science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study biomedical science - Essay Example He was required to undergo splenectomy and surgical repair to the liver, lungs, and kidneys. A septic shock is defined as a continuum response of human being to infection. It is predominantly caused by gram negative organisms. The most common source of gram negative infection is the genitourinary system, followed by the respiratory system, and lastly, by the biliary system (Schwatz 1994). Plasma sodium concentration is the primary measurement that is available readily to the clinician in evaluating the fluid status of a patient. Under many conditions, it is a reasonable indicator of plasma osmolarity. Although plasma osmolarity is not measured routinely due to sodium and its associated anions that is mainly chloride, it accounts for more than 90% of the solute of extracellular fluid. Hypernatremia is a condition when the plasma sodium concentration is above normal. On the other hand, hyponatremia occurs when the plasma sodium concentration falls below normal level (Guyton and Hall 1996:308). This patient has hyponatremia (plasma sodium concentration of 132mmol/L) that is caused primarily by trauma and volume depletion. In addition, the high amount of potassium in the blood of the patient (6.8mmol/L) is linked significantly with renal dysfunction and haemolytic anaemia. The renal dysfunction could be from severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance secondary to septic shock. Blood urea is an indicator of renal function. Increased urea concentration exhibited by the patient (10mmol/L) is due to enhanced protein metabolism, a normal reaction of trauma injury, stress, haemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, and sepsis (RNCeus 2006). Creatinine clearance is a test that gives an estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and is a good indicator of renal function. Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels support the diagnosis of septic shock (Health Diseases 2008). Plasma bilirubin measures

Integrated Marketing Communications Plan for Dulux Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications Plan for Dulux - Essay Example are now splashing on colour and comfort since they have ceased the practice of periodically selling their houses where the estate agent’s notion of neutrality ruled the day. Most houses were previously painted white in UK to show neutrality. Just 3% of homeowners like white according to new research from Dulux (Sunday Telegraph 2008). Due to the unfavourable conditions in the property market as a result of the crunch, most homeowners may not afford to move to new places (Sunday Telegraph 2008).. These may need to redecorate their homes as a way of trying to revive interest and give a new feeling to the place. So basically, Dulux is targeting homeowners who have no immediate intention to move out as well as those who need to spruce up the image of their homes to look a bit more attractive. The old consumers who would continue staying where they have been staying constitute the potential market for Dulux. These consumers are likely to redecorate their homes at a lower cost as they wish to spend less in a bid to revive interest in their old places. Even some home owners would want to change colours as a way of moving away from the traditional white colour which previously dominated most homes as outlined above. With Dulux’s paint mixing service at their disposal, these home owners might wish to take advantage of it to improve the appearance of their surroundings rather than stick to the ‘sellable’ creams at the market. Obviously these people would go for a service that specifically meets their requirements at a lower or no cost than spending large sums of money on the same service. Integrated marketing communication is primarily concerned with the strategic coordination of roles of a variety of communication disciplines such as advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing, public relations, sponsorship (Cant 2000). Mass techniques like advertising, sponsorship and publicity for instance, can be effectively used as communication

Universalism and Relativism in Human Rights

Universalism and Relativism in Human Rights One of the most pertinent issues of the past twenty years has been the conflict between two different ideologies of human rights on a national scale, universalism, and cultural relativism. Universalism holds that more primitive cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. Much like the question whether a tolerant society should tolerate intolerance, the debate between universalism and cultural relativism is more convoluted than it appears. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. This doctrine has been exploited by many states, which decry any impositions of western rights as cultural imperialism. These states ignore that they have adopted the western nation state, and the goal of modernization and economic prosperity. Cultural relativism is in itself a very arbitrary idea, cultures are rarely unified in their viewpoints on different issues, it is always those who hold the microphone [that] do not agree (http://www.aasianst.org/Viewpoints/Nathan.htm). This discourse begs the question that in precisely what way are human rights Western. And even if they were Western in 1948, are they still Western today? Cultural relativism continues to problematize the Universal Declaration of Human Rights since it was adopted in 1948 . In fact, the problem of what universality might mean in a multicultural world haunted the United Nations Human Rights project from the beginning. As soon as news of the project became known, the American Anthropological Association, through the groups executive board, warned the Human Rights Commission through a letter against drafting a statement of rights only in terms of the values prevalent in the countries of Western Europe and America. However, while the anthropologists working from within a framework of cultural relativism issued a warning, the UNESCO Committee on the The Theoretical Bases of Human Rights offered hope by pointing out that even people who seem to be far apart in theory can agree that certain things are so terrible in practice that no one will publicly approve them and that certain things are so good in practice that no one will publicly oppose them. Whenever one group denies rights to another group within a culture, it is usually for their own benefit. Therefore human rights cannot be truly universal unless they are not bound to cultural decisions that are often not made unanimously, and thus cannot represent every individual that these rights apply to. Even though cultural relativism has great problems and a potential for abuse, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution. Universalism is used by many Western states to negate the validity of more traditional systems of law. For example, if a tribe in Africa is ruled by a chieftain and advised by the twelve most senior villagers, is this system any less representative than the more liberal societies of the West? Is it possible to impose a universal system of human rights if the effects of social change stemming from modernization are not understood or worse yet, ignored? In non-Western societies, industrialization, capitalism, and democracy might not have been the eventual outcome of the process of cultural evolution. These ideologies have been shaped and created by Western imperialism, the slave trade, colonialism, modernization, and consumerism. Todays world shows signs of positive progress towards the universal system of human rights. The declaration of human rights occurred immediately after the atrocities committed during WWII. The globalization of human rights began when the world was awakened to the crimes committed under one government (Hitler), and the need for a more universal system of accountability and responsibility. Through a forum such as the United Nations, cultural differences are better able to be resolved, thereby paving the way for universalism while at the same time recognizing and compromising on the needs of certain cultures. The recent adoption of the International criminal court in June 1998 is an important step in enforcing and promoting the values agreed upon by the member nations. As the world becomes a smaller place with the advent of globalization, universalism makes more sense as a philosophy of human rights. In a world where many people might not be governed by national borders, having fundamen tal human rights instead of ones bound to certain cultures provides the best solution. The question of Westernness versus the universality of human rights remained a live issue throughout the process that led to the framing of the UDHR. In the 1950s the UDHR came under criticism as being Western at the hands of the newly independent states of Asia and Africa. And in the heat of the Cold War, its perceived emphasis on political and civil rights also allowed the countries of the Soviet Bloc to skewer it as such, with the Third World looking on in wonder if the white mans burden was being explouted once again to secure the white mans gain. In 1996, Prime Minister Mohammad Mahathir of Singapore famously declared: Asian values are universal values. European values are European values. (p. xi): Kishore Madhubani writes that any Asian thinker who challenged the prevailing Western ideas in contemporary social and political theory must be advocating the superiority of Asian values. Actually, the only point that most Asians were trying to make was that Asian values were not inferior. They were trying to say that there was a need for a level playing field in the new intellectual debate of the 1990s. With the advantage of historical hindsight, we can now look at those years and see that Asians were not marching out in that period to proselytize to the West, They are only reacting to Western proselytization. The Boston Sunday Globe on 29th April 2001 carried a spread entitled the BIG IDEA followed by the title: Are Human Rights Universal? Or is the West imposing its philosophy on the Rest of the World. It also carried two pieces elaborating divergent perspectives, one by Makau Mutua and the other by John Shattuck, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 April 2001, p. D8. Perhaps it is the intuition of Makau Mutua on this point which finds fuller expression in the following remarks by Upendra Baxi : The more human rights are hailed as the patrimony of the West, the greated is the inclination in most Euroamerican societies towards world hegemony. Also keener, as a result, is the intergovernmental desire in some non-Euroamerican societies to reject the underlying aspiration affirming equal worth of all human beings. not merely repressive regimes but also progressive intellectuals in these societies remain ambivalent towards contemporary human enunciations. And (as Chapter 6 illustrates) progressive Eurocentrism inclines us all towards a postmodernist crtitique of notions of human rights. Authentic intercultural, or even inter-faith, dialogue remains a casualty of warped approaches to histories of human rights ideas and practices. (p. vi of The Future of Human Rights): The principal msg of this work is that the originary authors of human rights are people in struggle and communities of resistance, which standard scholarship demotes to a lowly status Once claims to authorship stand thus pluralized, it follows simply that human rights are not the gifts of the West to the Rest; the dominant discourse is diversionary when it locates the origins of human rights in the Euroamerican tradition and experience and when it pursues endless debates over universality and relativism of human rights. (p. xiv): There is no unified Asian view in human rights and freedom of the press. These are Western concepts. Asians are obliged to react to them An understanding of the Asian reactions is clouded by the fact that many Asians feel obliged to pay at least lip service to Western values. The universalist theory of Human Rights is indeed largely based on Western philosophy and the value it places on the individual. Product of Greek philosophy, Christianity and the Enlightenment thinkers, the universalist approach to Human Rights contends that one can use nature, God, or reason to identify basic rights, inherent to every human, which pre-exist society. Jack Donnelly best summarizes the contemporary doctrine of the universalist approach by putting forward the following conclusions: 1. All humans have rights by virtue of their humanity; 2. A persons rights cannot be conditioned by gender or national or ethnic origin; 3. Human Rights exist universally as the highest moral rights, so no rights can be subordinated to another person (e.g. a husband) or an institution (e.g. the state) By contrast, cultural relativism is based on the idea that there are no objective standards by which others can be judged. The debate between universalism and relativism is as old as the history of philosophy itself and its discussion of truth. Relativism was introduced by, among others, the sophist Protagoras. He rejected objective truth by saying in so many words, later quoted by Plato: The way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me and the way things appear to you, in that way they exist for you. It is a perfect reflection of the European Enlightenment: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau are its spiritual founding fathers. Indeed the Covenant insists on negative rights, those that limit the role of government and prevent its intrusion in ones life, privacy, and freedom of speech, religion, opinion and association. Political liberalism thus defined has been the force underlying the US Constitution and the US Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the French Constitution. It is also the emphasis of the International Human Rights legislation and thus legitimizes the efforts by the West to spread-some say impose-Western models of democracy. This is a first level of contention brought forward by cultural relativism proponents. To limit the role of government and its treatment of nationals is an interference with domestic affairs and a violation of state sovereignty, which for most of them is newly acquired and still fragile. The debate in very simple terms could read as follows: As soon as we (usually Third World countries) are granted independence and sovereignty, you (the West) introduce Human Rights and your style of government as a limit or as a condition. Indeed, the old mission civilisatrice is now replaced by the spread of multiparty democracy. Christianization, civilization, democratization: the rhetoric has changed, the interference has not. Furthermore, there is still the underlying concept that Western culture, because it legitimizes itself behind its pretension to universality, also positions itself as superior to non-western culture. Universalism becomes Westernization. A question remains, if it is westernization, then westernization for what purpose? Once again we need to look back at the history of political liberalism and its expression in the modern Human Rights doctrine. Locke cannot be separated from Adam Smith. Central to a western definition of fundamental freedoms is the right to property. Economic liberalism and political liberalism are brothers and in Western philosophy they are Siamese twins. The freedom to vote is often translated in the freedom to consume and/or the freedom to invest. It is very important that one billion Chinese be free to vote and express their opinion as long as they also choose to buy Motorolas and Marlboros. The link between Western-defined Human Rights and globalization of the economies explains the virulence of the West on the issues of fundamental freedoms. In other terms, critics agree that the universalist discourse barely hides a Western attempt to give a moral legitimization to an economic agenda. The ultimate contradiction lies in the fact that political liberalism has supported the same economic liberalism that has legitimized, for example, the Structural Adjustment Programs of the IMF. The SAPs in turn have been the catalyst for the curtailment of political freedoms and human rights in many developing countries. That the universal Human Rights discourse can disguise a hidden agenda is certainly undeniable. But does this mean by contrast that the cultural relativist discourse is agenda-free? Lets place it under scrutiny. The first level of criticism of the use of cultural relativism as an exception to universal norms, lies in the fact that bringing forward culture at a given time is to fundamentally ignore the dynamic and fluid nature of culture. Cultural relativism adopts a static definition of culture: a snapshot of a group of people and their system of meaning at a given time with the underlying assumption that they will not change. It introduces in the paradigm an element of determinism that has no factual or historical relevance. Static definitions of culture also lead to such statement as traditional ancestral ethnic hatred, which explain conflict in terms of culture, obliterating in the process all other determining parameters such as political economy. However, cultural relativisms most fundamental weakness in the work towards Human Rights lies in the conflict of interest between the people who articulate the argument and those they represent. More often than not, cultural relativism is claimed by repressive regimes whose practices have nothing to do with local or indigenous cultures but more with their own self-preservation.4 Cultural policymakers are those who can speak for the group and articulate the group values to the outside world. Such spokesmen are likely to only stress the elements insuring their position. This is especially important in multi-ethnic or multi-cultural states where not only would it be difficult to establish a national identity based on cultural values but also where one group dominates the others at best, blatantly discriminates at worst. Would someone attempt to define what is the culture in Bosnia-Herzegovina? Or in Rwanda? Culture is a construct much more so than a reality and people can always find di fferent levels of allegiance. Indeed, one critique of cultural relativism is that it leads to fragmentation. Cultural relativism as a tool is a legitimization of a behavior designed to preserve a structure of powers. In a study on Iranian women, Karen Miller illustrates that in rejecting the aspirational character if universalism, relativism merely perpetuates traditional practice. Miller insists notably on the fact that generally women have not taken a large part in determining the culture because traditionally, male activities have set the standards. In fact, violence against women seems to be common in many cultures.5 IV. Reconcilability of the Two Approaches. Neither universalism nor cultural relativism is exempt of political manipulations. Does that mean that neither view carries some validity? Furthermore, if they each carry some validity, are they mutually exclusive? To answer the first question by the affirmative-neither is valid, Human Rights paradigms are tools, therefore they do not have intrinsic values-would be reducing critical thinking to syllogism. Letas more importantly see if both notions can and should be reconciled in theory and in practice. That there exist profound differences of perceptions among cultures or groups of people according to their history, language, and economic circumstances might be true. Does that mean that there exist among them no common points? Not necessarily. It is actually quite remarkable to do a comparative textual analysis between Confucius and Locke and to see how both at different times, insist on the centrality of the concept of Humanity in defining individuals.6 4 Donnelly, Jack. 5 Miller, K. Human Rights of Women in Iran: the Universalist Approach and the Relativist Response. http://www.law.emory.edu/EILR/volumes/win96/miller.html 6 Nicoll, N. Confucianism and Human Rights, unpublished paper. Secondly, disagreeing with the content of what is now presented as universal does not have to mean that there are no values or norms universally agreed upon. Western values may not be universal but it does not mean that universal values do not exist. This leads us to a level of conciliation that would embody a true cross-cultural search of what can be universally agreed upon. Universal standards should be the goals while cultural legitimacy would offer a method. This would be made that much more relevant if those defining the culture were not those in power. The search of commonalties would (in theory) bypass the structures of power. It could forge a necessary dialectic between external attempts to build a universal system and the internal assistance of various civil societies. V. The Obstacle of Law It is precisely at this juncture that we see how the debate between universalism and relativism has contributed to perpetuate a situation that has actually hindered, more than benefited, the cause of Human Rights. The defense of Human Rights has been presented as a legal endeavor among state actors. The debate is essentially a legal debate when texts of international law are being drafted. Discussions then follow on what understanding to give to the term degrading treatment or what reservations can a domestic legislation make in the name of religion, culture or constitution (in the case of the US). The debate concentrates on the content of the legislation or its interpretation or application in domestic law, never on the means itself: the fact that there is an over reliance on law to address Human Rights issues. Actually if there is a western influence, it is to be found in that domain. Law as an absolute value is permeating the international realm. In international law nation-states are both creators and parties. In Human Rights, like in any other domain, states are not going to create universal or local structures that bypass their level of control. The western idea that a good litigation can solve all problems is also present in Human Rights doctrine. The fact is that the Human Rights legislation, which by nature of the international system lacks serious mechanism of enforcement, has acted as a smokescreen and has often diverted efforts and resources from other venues. Victory is claimed when a given country finally adopts an international treaty or adequately adapts its dom estic law, i.e. China signs the ICCPR or Kenya outlaws female circumcision. Efforts can then stop or more realistically, MFN status can be renewed. The issue of course is that most people whose rights are violated do not have equal access to the law-especially true for women in many countries. What difference would a change in the legislation make when you cannot drive or go to an urban center, or for that matter, even read? In addition, the nature itself of the existing legislation on Human Rights has indeed under western influence, favored such rights as privacy and property. The legislation has erected a wall between the public sphere and the private sphere to better protect those rights. This has been ultimately catastrophic for womens rights for most violations of women happen in the private sphere. This is really a domain where one can witness how both theories, universalism and relativism, have had a negative impact by creating a double standard. Men readily accepting western norms of respect for privacy and property and women made to bare the brunt of cultural authenticity within a private sphere made untouchable by virtue of respect for fundamental freedoms. Conclusion The debate between universalism and relativism should be a non-issue. Universal goals and cultural sensitivities can be reconciled in the establishment of realistic strategies. However the debate in its present form contributes to divert attention from more important issues. Is International Law, made by states, the right venue to improve human rights? The effective protection of Human Rights requires a transformation not only of government and laws but of the non-state institutions and practices that the present Human Rights doctrine-universal or relative-does not touch.

Reading :: essays research papers

For as long as I can remember, I've loved to read: short stories, fiction, nonfiction sometimes, even philosophy if nothing else were available. This term I've been given more reading assignments than I can ever remember having to deal with. This term has been extra special because we studied no less than three types of literature: short stories, poetry, and drama. While I was in high school, a short story was a book with less than three hundred pages. This term I learned that even though a short story may be only a few pages long, there are chapters of interpretation, ambiguity, and symbolism to understand. In "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson, I found a story teeming with so much symbolism that I had to read the story twice before I understood half of it. In "Araby" by James Joyce, I learned to look deeper than just the surface of the original wording to find new meanings to the story. Poetry, on the other hand, has been like a curse to me. I felt as if I were out of my depth when forced to read it. I could read the words, but comprehension was beyond me. Then, just last week I discovered poetry is indeed a foreign language. "I've always picked up languages easily," I thought. I then knew that all I had to do was translate the dead language of poetry into terms I could understand, then, with a blinding flash, comprehension dawned. E.E. Cummings is really just a dirty old man. Carlos Williams is a political activist, and Dylan Thomas is incredibly grief stricken about the loss of some loved one. The emotions of the poems were almost too overwhelming to deal with. Once I was told that as we evolve, so to does our language. I thought my teacher had been in the sun too long when she told me that. But when I started reading works by William Shakespear, I found just how right she was. The writings of Shakespear also have the added benefit of being like poetry. For me drama is tedious, boring, and too hard to keep track of.

Comparison of ‘Bayonet Charge’ and ‘Belfast Confetti’ Essay

Both ‘Belfast Confetti’ and ‘Bayonet Charge’ present individuals caught up in conflicts. However, the speaker in ‘Belfast Confetti’ is a civilian whereas ‘Bayonet Charge’ the subject is a soldier who has chosen to go to war. Carson is writing about a topic he knows well as he is an Irish poet living during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Hughes is imagining what it must have been like for a soldier in World War One. The speaker in ‘Belfast Confetti’ is right in the middle of the action – ‘Suddenly as the riot squad moved in†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and is caught up in the streets of Belfast during a bomb scare. He is panicking because he cannot escape the ‘labyrinth’ of the streets although he knows them very well. Calling the streets a ‘labyrinth’ is a metaphor which shows the confusion and panic he feels as a labyrinth is something you cannot get out of. Carson uses punctuation as a metaphor for the riot squad itself as they block the streets and stop the speaker escaping: ‘blocked with stops and colons’. This is effective because punctuation is used to control and give order to a sentence and this is what the riot squad are trying to do in the chaos of the city. Carson also uses punctuation as a metaphor for shrapnel, saying that it is ‘raining exclamation marks’ which is the metal objects the IRA would pack into their homemade bombs. This is effective because exclamation marks look a bit like lethal weapons because they are thin and sharp like a tomahawk. The speaker feels trapped not only by the riot itself but he is trapped in the political situation of the time. The two sides were trying to resolve conflict but couldn’t find a way to communicate without returning to violence. So Carson using language and punctuation to represent the conflict is effective. He struggles to communicate: ‘I was trying to complete a sentence in my head, but it kept stuttering’. This metaphor gets across the sound of gunfire and the speaker’s struggle to express and communicate the chaos of the situation. It could even be a metaphor for the Troubles themselves. In the same way as Carson, Hughes lands the reader right in the middle of the  action, beginning the poem with ‘Suddenly†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which creates the same blunt, startled effect that the soldier himself must have felt as he began his bayonet charge. By keeping the soldier anonymous, Hughes makes it seem as if this experience was universal among soldiers who fought in the First World War. He was not a soldier poet himself, unlike Owen, so the powerful images he uses conjure up the energy and physicality and terror the soldier feels. The simile ‘sweating like molten iron from the centre of his chest’ describes vividly the heat and intensity of pounding through ‘shot slashed furrows’ charging at the enemy and facing death. Ironically, any bullet which may kill the soldier would also cut through his flesh but from outside his body, so this ‘molten iron’ coming from his insides creates an awkward parallel which makes us think of the death he is facing. Both poets use enjambed lines, but Carson’s poem is more chaotic and stuttering because of the caesuras in it, whereas Hughes’s is more fluid. Carson breaks up his lines and has a mixture of short and long lines because they represent the streets being blocked as he tries to get down them. Although Hughes uses caesuras too, the effect is different. Because Carson is using punctuation as a metaphor you notice it more and it is more powerful, whereas in Hughes’s poem the caesuras make it more narrative. Also, the caesuras in Hughes’s poem are disguised because the stanzas a re more regular. Neither of the poems use any rhyme. Rhyme can sometimes suggest harmony as the sounds match, but Carson is trying to stress the division in the city and the blunt, aggressive and violent events. In Hughes’s poem the lack of rhyme is perhaps because the man has just ‘jumped up’ and is running in a bewildered way, so again, rhyming would be too neat and ordered to effectively convey this chaotic and panicked experience.